The Revealing Dust: Mid-infrared Activity in Hickson Compact Group Galaxy Nuclei

We present a sample of 46 galaxy nuclei from 12 nearby (z < 4500km s) Hickson Compact Groups (HCGs) with a complete suite of 1–24μm 2MASS+Spitzer nuclear photometry. For all objects in the sample, blue emission from stellar photospheres dominates in the near-infrared through the 3.6μm IRAC band. Twenty-five of 46 (54%) galaxy nuclei show red, mid-infrared continua characteristic of hot dust powered by ongoing star formation and/or accretion onto a central black hole. We introduce αIRAC, the spectral index of a power-law fit to the 4.5–8.0μm IRAC data, and demonstrate that it cleanly separates the mid-infrared active and non-active HCG nuclei. This parameter is more powerful for identifying low to moderate-luminosity mid-infrared activity than other measures which include data at rest-frame λ < 3.6μm that may be dominated by stellar photospheric emission. While the HCG galaxies clearly have a bimodal distribution in this parameter space, a comparison sample from the Spitzer Nearby Galaxy Survey (SINGS) matched in J-band total galaxy luminosity is continuously distributed. A second diagnostic, the fraction of 24μm emission in excess of that expected from quiescent galaxies, f24D, reveals an additional three nuclei to be active at 24μm. Comparing these two mid-infrared diagnostics of nuclear activity to optical spectroscopic identifications from the literature reveals some discrepancies, and we discuss the challenges of distinguishing the source of ionizing radiation in these and other lower luminosity systems. We find a significant correlation between the fraction of mid-infrared active galaxies and the total H I mass in a group, and investigate possible interpretations of these results in light of galaxy evolution in the highly interactive system of a compact group environment. Subject headings: galaxies: active — galaxies: interactions — galaxies: nuclei — galaxies: starburst — infrared: galaxies